Phoenician alphabet

Phoenician alphabet
Type Abjad
Languages Phoenician
Time period Began 1050 BC, and gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it
Parent systems
Child systems Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
Aramaic alphabet
Greek alphabet
Many hypothesized others
Sister systems South Arabian alphabet
ISO 15924 Phnx, 115
Direction Right-to-left
Unicode alias Phoenician
Unicode range U+10900–U+1091F
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.

Proto-Sinaitic script? 19 c. BCE
Meroitic 3 c. BCE
Ogham 4 c. CE
Hangul 1443
Zhuyin (Bopomofo) 1913

The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, was a non-pictographic consonantal alphabet, or abjad.[1] It was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language, used by the civilization of Phoenicia. It has been classified as an abjad because it records only consonantal sounds, with the addition of matres lectionis for some vowels.

Phoenician became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it was assimilated by many other cultures and evolved. The Aramaic alphabet, a modified form of Phoenician, was the ancestor of the modern Arabic and Hebrew scripts. The Greek alphabet (and by extension its descendants such as the Latin, the Cyrillic and the Coptic), was a direct successor of Phoenician, though certain letter values were changed to represent vowels.

As the letters were originally incised with a stylus, most of the shapes are angular and straight, although more cursive versions are increasingly attested in later times, culminating in the Neo-Punic alphabet of Roman-era North Africa. Phoenician was usually written from right to left, although there are some texts written in boustrophedon.

In 2005, UNESCO had registered the Phoenician alphabet into the Memory of the World as a heritage of Lebanon[2]

Contents

History

When the Phoenician alphabet was first uncovered in the 19th century, its origins were unknown. Scholars at first believed that the script was a direct variation of Egyptian hieroglyphs.[3] This idea was especially popular due to the recent decipherment of hieroglyphs. However, scholars could not find any link between the two writing systems. Certain scholars hypothesized ties with Hieratic, Cuneiform, or even an independent creation, perhaps inspired by some other writing system. The theories of independent creation ranged from the idea of a single man conceiving it, to the Hyksos people forming it from corrupt Egyptian.[4]

Parent scripts

The Proto-Sinaitic alphabet was in use from ca. 1850 BC in the Sinai by Canaanite speakers. There are sporadic attestations of very short Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions in Canaan in the late Middle and Late Bronze Age, but the script was not widely used until the rise of new Semitic kingdoms in the 13th and 12th centuries BC. The oldest known inscription that goes by the name of Phoenician is the Ahiram epitaph, engraved on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram from circa 1200 BC.[5]

It has become conventional to refer to the script as "Proto-Canaanite" until the mid-11th century, when it is first attested on inscribed bronze arrowheads, and as "Phoenician" only after 1050 BC.[6]

Spread of the alphabet and its social effects

The Phoenician adaptation of the alphabet was extremely successful, and variants were adapted around the Mediterranean from about the 9th century, notably giving rise to the Greek, Old Italic, Anatolian and Paleohispanic scripts. The alphabet's success was due in part to its phonetic nature; Phoenician was the first widely used script in which one sound was represented by one symbol. This simple system contrasted with the other scripts in use at the time, such as Cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, which employed many complex characters and were difficult to learn.[7]

Another reason of its success was the maritime trading culture of Phoenician merchants, which spread the use of the alphabet into parts of North Africa and Europe.[8] Phoenician inscriptions have been found in archaeological sites at a number of former Phoenician cities and colonies around the Mediterranean, such as Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and Carthage in North Africa. Later finds indicate earlier use in Egypt.[9]

Phoenician had long-term effects on the social structures of the civilizations which came in contact with it. As mentioned above, the script was the first widespread phonetic script. Its simplicity not only allowed it to be used in multiple languages, but it also allowed the common people to learn how to write. This upset the long-standing status of writing systems only being learned and employed by members of the royal and religious hierarchies of society, who used writing as an instrument of power to control access to information by the larger population.[10] The appearance of Phoenician disintegrated many of these class divisions, although many Middle Eastern kingdoms would continue to use cuneiform for legal and liturgical matters well into the Common Era.

Letter names

Phoenician uses a system of acrophony to name letters. The names of the letters are essentially the same as in its parental scripts, which are in turn derived from the word values of the original hieroglyph for each letter.[11] The original word was translated from Egyptian into its equivalent form in the Semitic language, and then the initial sound of the translated word become the letter's value.[12]

However, according to a theory by Theodor Nöldeke from 1904, some of the letter names were changed in Phoenician from the Proto-Canaanite script. This includes:

Other researchers such as Prof. Yigael Yadin went to great lengths to prove that there actually were tools of war, similar to the original drawings[13] Prof. Aron Demsky from Bar Ilan University showed that there were sequences of letters with close meanings, proving the correct reading of the drawings.[14] In later research it was postulated that the alphabet is actually two complete lists, the first dealing with land agriculture and activity, and the second dealing with water, sea and fishing.[15]

The Phoenician letterforms shown here are idealized—actual Phoenician writing was cruder and more variable in appearance. There were also significant variations in Phoenician letterforms by era and region.

When alphabetic writing began in Greece, the letterforms used were similar but not identical to the Phoenician ones and vowels were added, because the Phoenician Alphabet did not contain any vowels. There were also distinct variations of the writing system in different parts of Greece, primarily in how the Phoenician characters which did not have an exact match to Greek sounds were employed. One of these local Greek alphabets evolved into the standard Greek alphabet, and another into the Latin alphabet, which accounts for many of the differences between the two. Occasionally, Phoenician used a short stroke or dot symbol as a word separator.[16]

The chart shows the graphical evolution of Phoenician letterforms into other alphabets. The sound values often changed significantly, both during the initial creation of new alphabets, and due to pronunciation changes of languages using the alphabets over time.

Letter Uni. Name Meaning Ph. Corresponding letter in
He. Sy. Ar. Greek Latin Cyr.
𐤀‎ alf ox ʾ [ʔ] א ܐ ﺍ Αα Aa Аа
𐤁‎ bet house b [b] ב ܒ ﺏ Ββ Bb Бб, Вв
𐤂‎ gaml camel g [ɡ] ג ܓ ﺝ Γγ Cc, Gg Гг, Ґґ
𐤃‎ delt door d [d] ד ܕ د, ذ Δδ Dd Дд
𐤄‎ he window h [h] ה ܗ ھ Εε Ee Ее, Єє, Ээ
𐤅‎ wau hook w [w] ו ܘ ﻭ (Ϝϝ), Υυ Ff, Uu, Vv, Yy, Ww (Ѵѵ), Уу, Ўў
𐤆‎ zai weapon z [z] ז ܙ ﺯ Ζζ Zz Жж, Зз
𐤇‎ het wall ḥ [ħ] ח ܚ ح, خ Ηη Hh Ии, Йй
𐤈‎ tet wheel ṭ [tˤ] ט ܛ ط, ظ Θθ (Ѳѳ)
𐤉‎ yod hand y [j] י ܝ ي Ιι Ii, Jj Іі, Її, Јј
𐤊‎ kaf palm (of a hand) k [k] כך ܟ ﻙ Κκ Kk Кк
𐤋‎ lamd goad l [l] ל ܠ ﻝ Λλ Ll Лл
𐤌‎ mem water m [m] מם ܡ ﻡ Μμ Mm Мм
𐤍‎ nun serpent n [n] נן ܢ ﻥ Νν Nn Нн
𐤎‎ semk fish s [s] ס ܣ, ܤ Ξξ, poss. Χχ poss. Xx (Ѯѯ), poss. Хх
𐤏‎ ain eye ʿ [ʕ] ע ܥ ع, غ Οο, Ωω Oo Оо
𐤐‎ pe mouth p [p] פף ܦ ف Ππ Pp Пп
𐤑‎ sade hunt ṣ [sˤ] צץ ܨ ص, ض (Ϻϻ) Цц, Чч, Џџ
𐤒‎ qof monkey q [q] ק ܩ ﻕ (Ϙϙ), poss. Φφ, Ψψ Qq (Ҁҁ), poss. Фф, (Ѱѱ)
𐤓‎ rosh head r [r] ר ܪ ﺭ Ρρ Rr Рр
𐤔‎ shin tooth š [ʃ] ש ܫ ش, س Σσς Ss Сс, Шш, Щщ
𐤕‎ tau mark t [t] ת ܬ ت, ث Ττ Tt Тт
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plain Emphatic
Nasal m n
Stop Voiceless p t tˤ k q ʔ
Voiced b d ɡ
Fricative Voiceless s sˤ ʃ ħ h
Voiced z ʕ
Trill r
Approximant l j w

The numerals

The Phoenician numeral system consisted of separate symbols for 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100. The sign for 1 was a simple vertical stroke. Other numbers up to 9 were formed by adding the appropriate number of such strokes, arranged in groups of three. The symbol for 10 was a horizontal line or tack. The sign for 20 could come in different glyph variants, one of them being a combination of two 10-tacks; approximately Z-shaped. Larger multiples of ten were formed by grouping the appropriate number of 20s and 10s. There existed several glyph variants for 100. The 100 symbol could be combined with a preceding numeral in a multiplicatory way, e.g. the combination of "4" and "100" yielded 400.[17]

Unicode

The Phoenician alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0. An alternative proposal to handle it as a font variation of Hebrew was turned down. (See PDF summary.)

The Unicode block for Phoenician is U+10900–U+1091F. It is intended for the representation of text in Palaeo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite, and Punic.

The letters are encoded U+10900 𐤀‎ aleph through to U+10915 𐤕‎ taw, U+10916 𐤖‎, U+10917 𐤗‎, U+10918 𐤘‎ and U+10919 𐤙‎ encode the numerals 1, 10, 20 and 100 respectively and U+1091F 𐤟‎ is the word separator.

Phoenician[1]
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1090x 𐤀‎ 𐤁‎ 𐤂‎ 𐤃‎ 𐤄‎ 𐤅‎ 𐤆‎ 𐤇‎ 𐤈‎ 𐤉‎ 𐤊‎ 𐤋‎ 𐤌‎ 𐤍‎ 𐤎‎ 𐤏‎
U+1091x 𐤐‎ 𐤑‎ 𐤒‎ 𐤓‎ 𐤔‎ 𐤕‎ 𐤖‎ 𐤗‎ 𐤘‎ 𐤙‎ 𐤚‎ 𐤛‎ 𐤟‎
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.0

Derived alphabets

Middle Eastern descendents

The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, used to write early Hebrew, was a regional offshoot of, but was rooted in Phoenician; it is nearly identical to the Phoenician one. The Samaritan alphabet, used by the Samaritans, is a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.

The Aramaic alphabet, used to write Aramaic, is another descendant of Phoenician. Aramaic being the lingua franca of the Middle East, it was widely adopted. It later split off (due to power/political borders) into a number of related alphabets, including the Hebrew alphabet, the Syriac alphabet, and the Nabataean alphabet. Thus Phoenician was the origin of the Arabic alphabet which is the major alphabet of the Arabic Middle East - from Iraq, the Levant, and North Africa.

The Coptic alphabet, still used in Egypt for writing the Christian liturgical language Coptic (descended from Ancient Egyptian) is mostly based on the Greek alphabet, but with a few additional letters for sounds not in Greek at the time it was invented to replace Demotic script. Those additional letters are based on Demotic script.

Derived European scripts

According to Herodotus,[18] Phoenician prince Cadmus was accredited with the introduction of the Phoenician alphabet—phoinikeia grammata, "Phoenician letters"—to the Greeks, who adapted it to form their Greek alphabet, which was later introduced to the rest of Europe. Herodotus, who gives this account, estimates that Cadmus lived sixteen hundred years before his time, or around 2000 BC.[19] However, Herodotus' writings are not used as a standard source by contemporary historians. The Greek alphabet is derived from the Phoenician alphabet.[20] The phonology of Greek being different from that of Phoenician, the Greeks modified the Phoenician script to better suit their language. It was particularly more important in Greek to write out vowel sounds: Phoenician being a Semitic language, words were based on consonantal roots that permitted extensive removal of vowels without loss of meaning, a feature absent in the Indo-European Greek. For this reason the Greeks adapted some of the signs of the Phoenician script that represented unused consonants for vowels. For example ʾāleph, which designated a glottal stop in Phoenician, was re-purposed to represent the vowel /a/.

The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek alphabet. Some Cyrillic letters (generally for sounds not in Mediaeval Greek) are based on Glagolitic forms, which in turn were influenced by the Hebrew or even Coptic alphabets.

The Latin alphabet was derived from Old Italic (originally a form of the Greek alphabet), used for Etruscan and other languages. The Runic alphabet also seems to have been derived from an early form of Old Italic alphabet, via the Alpine scripts.[20]

Influence in India and Eastern Asia

Most historians believe that the Brahmi script and the subsequent Indic alphabets are derived from the Aramaic script as well, which would make Phoenician the ancestor of most writing systems in use today.[21] This possibly includes even hangul, which may have been influenced by Brahmic Phagspa. This would mean that of all the major national scripts in use in the world today, only the Chinese script and its derivatives have an independent origin.

Surviving examples

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). A history of writing. Reaktion Books. p. 90. 
  2. ^ Memory of the World, official site
  3. ^ Jensen (1969) p. 256.
  4. ^ Jensen (1969) p. 256-258.
  5. ^ Coulmas (1989) p. 141.
  6. ^ Markoe (2000) p. 111
  7. ^ Hock and Joseph (1996) p. 85.
  8. ^ Daniels (1996) p. 94-95.
  9. ^ Semitic script dated to 1800 BC
  10. ^ Fischer (2003) p. 68-69.
  11. ^ Jensen (1969) p. 262.
  12. ^ Jensen (1969) p. 262-263.
  13. ^ The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands. McGraw-Hill, Yigael Yadin, 1963. The Samech - a quick war ladder, later to become the '$' dollar sign drawing the three internal lines quickly. The 'Z' shaped Zayin - an ancient boomerang used for hunting. The 'H' shaped Het - mammoth tuffs.
  14. ^ Yod=arm or handle, Kaf=Hand, paw or shovel, Mem=water, Nun=fish
  15. ^ The first half beginning with Alef - an ox, and ending with Lamed - a whip. The second list begins with Mem - water, and continues with Nun - fish, Samek - fishbones, Ayin - a water spring, Peh - the mouth of a well, Tsadi - to fish, Kof, Resh and Shin are the hook hole, hook head and hook teeth, known to exist from prehistoric times, and the Tav is the mark used to count the fish caught.
  16. ^ http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf
  17. ^ Phoenician numerals in Unicode, Systèmes numéraux
  18. ^ Herodotus, Histories, Book V, 58.
  19. ^ Herodotus. Histories, Book II, 2.145
  20. ^ a b Humphrey, John William (2006). Ancient technology. Greenwood guides to historic events of the ancient world (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 219. ISBN 0313327637, 9780313327636. http://books.google.com/books?id=b76EBrop0sEC&pg=PA86&dq=greek+alphabet+is+derived+from+phoenician+alphabet#v=onepage&q=greek%20alphabet%20is%20derived%20from%20phoenician%20alphabet&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  21. ^ Richard Salomon, "Brahmi and Kharoshthi", in The World's Writing Systems

References

External links

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